Perlite concrete r value

Perlite concrete r value. The nominal R -values in Tables RA103. 30 W/m 2 K for standalone applications are commonly achieved, and are as low as 0. Concrete is basically worthless when compared to 3. In insulative aggregate concrete, the functional r-value and cured strength is directly related to the character of the foamed stone aggregates used. 97 Btu/ft 2 -gr-°F for light-weight concrete and 8. Due to their moisture-absorbing properties, the grains can only be utilised in dry and watertight spaces. Its ability to effectively repel moisture prevents mold growth and structural damage. Concrete block wall with Perlite in cavities = R 2. It is mixed in place, using the same equipment required for handling ordinary concrete, including transit mix trucks. Vermiculite. Perlite is a type of rock (a form of volcanic glass) which is mined, crushed, heated and thus expanded (4 to 20 x original volume) to form an inorganic Jan 18, 2024 · This drywall has an air gap (R-Value: 1. 74 m 3 perlite aggregate per cubic meter concrete. CONSTRUCTION GUIDE. Thermal cond uctivity and compressive s trength of e xpanded perlite aggregate concrete wit h mineral admixtures . MIX DESIGNS INSULATION VALUES. R-value. Specifiers for the industrial processing and power generating industries recognize that stainless steel pipe is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. Optimized mixture with bulk density and compressive strength values of 1761 kg/m 3 and 21. 322 - HI-R R-Value-Heat Cap-Equiv Thk-DLN Stamped. Nov 25, 2006 · An 8" block has a total R-value of 1. Nahant, MA 01908. Perlite Ultra-lightweight Concrete (densities less than. In addition to Feb 27, 2022 · In construction, the R-value is the measurement of a material's capacity to resist heat flow from one side to the other. I came across some info on perlite (and even vermiculite and lightweight expanded clay aggregate [LECA]) as a potential insulation material. Similarly, thermal diffusivities of the panels with perlite and pumice content were observed to be less than conventional concrete panels due to the low thermal conductivity of both perlite and pumice Title: Print Created Date: 1/10/2014 8:11:52 AM Perlite is the perfect filling material for door cores because it is naturally lightweight, inorganic, insulating, non-combustible and fireproof – giving it a high R-value. " If you use rigid foam -- a method that is common and easy -- you can choose any R-value Apr 29, 2023 · Demirboǧa, R. In this study, the influence of atmospheric CO2 on the multistep kinetic behavior of perlite concrete was investigated in detail by separating the component reaction steps using Insulating values of a perlite concrete roofdeck depends on the density of the concrete mix that is prepared. The information that follows is centered on two in particular: pumice and expanded perlite. Perlite concrete roof deck insulation is an ideal base for built-up and single-ply roofing Oct 25, 2023 · In order to achieve densities of less than 1000 kg/m 3 with a compact microstructure, other lightweight aggregates such as expanded glass were used in addition to the closed-cell perlite. Like. The Normal Concrete (without EPA) and the Expanded Perlite Concrete were respectively designated as NC and EPC. Jun 26, 2021 · The thermal behavior of perlite concrete, which is used in sodium-cooled fast reactor plants, was subjected to kinetic modeling to gather the fundamental data for establishing a reliable safety assessment system. Good to know: mice and other rodents dislike the Perlite Insulation. It can be applied over metal or wire lath, on Sep 25, 2023 · Perlite insulation has some disadvantages that restrict its use as insulation. We maintained the RPC strength at more or less the same level with various content of aggregate (30%, 45%, and 60%). R-values are additive. Perlite Cement-based Plaster Perlite cement-based plaster can be used on new or remodel work, as a basecoat for stucco finishes, and as a substrate for ceramic tile or masonry veneer. erlite insulating concrete consists of an appropriate m i x t u r e of portland cement, perlite aggregate and w a t e r . ) If you have containment, you can also add it loose of course. 324 - HI-R Wall Weights 105-140. It maintains a dry indoor environment, promoting healthy indoor air quality. temperature are indicated in the charts below: Thermal conductivity - k-values - vs. 7. 7 per inch and would not be expected to contain asbestos. 216 0. Jul 4, 2021 · The influence of atmospheric water vapor on the kinetics of the thermal decomposition of perlite concrete, which is used in the construction of sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) plants, was investigated. Johns Manville's solution is an expanded perlite product with a built-in corrosion inhibitor. The bag in which the perlite or vermiculite is purchased recommends the mix proportions needed to achieve various unit weights of fresh concrete and oven-dry concrete. Perlite is not acceptable for applications where it will be directly exposed to continuous temperatures of 200° F. Jun 17, 2021 · Expanded perlite is distributed evenly in the concrete mix, which is visible in macroscopic images of lightweight concrete samples containing 30%, 45%, and 60% of expanded perlite by volume after 28 days of curing ( Figure 5 ). Silicone Treated Perlite provides a quick, inexpensive and permanent method- for efficiently insulating masonry walls. 64 and a compressive strength of 125 to 200 pounds per square inch. Rigid board insulation can also be classified as organic – consisting of wood, foamed plastics, and fiberboards; or inorganic – which includes glass fibers, lightweight insulating concrete, perlite, cellular glass, and mineral wool board. With this aim, lightweight concrete composites were produced using 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75% and 100% of natural perlite aggregate in concrete production. 7, perlite under-performs other insulators, such as fiberglass, rockwool and cellulose. 326 - Shear Dominated Walls Supplemental Report Reference Material Jan 22, 2016. The Elastizell Corporation has provided materials for quality roof decks, engineered fill applications, and floor fill installations for over 30 years. It is untrue that using perlite under a slab is "easier" than using rigid foam. Add the required number of bags of perlite concrete aggregate. 0 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Watts/meter/°K of PERLITE CONCRETES Perlite insulation stands out for its inherent moisture resistance, making it ideal for safeguarding buildings in humid environments. Tapered Design: Factory cut taper, that is easy to install and cut, builds slope into an otherwise flat roofing system, allowing water to drain freely off the roof. 6 W/m 2 *K) for a 4 inch (101. 1 – Control Joints It is recommended that at least a 25mm control joint be provided through the thickness of the perlite concrete at the junction of all roof projections and parapet walls. The Schundler Company 10 Central Street Nahant, MA 01908 732-287-2244 www. This expansion accounts for Ryolex’s light weight and other exceptional physical properties. Perlite is a type of volcanic glass that expands four to twenty times its original volume and becomes porous when heated. 8. com. MASONRY LOOSE FILL INSULATION. Figure 1 • Abu Dhabi Airport Terminal roo ng with perlite supported by steel joists 4 feet (1. R-values of any interior or exterior insulation or fi nish systems are added to the R-value of the concrete masonry wall from Table 1 (or, in the case of partially grouted walls, to the R-value of the partially grouted wall as determined using the procedure in the following section). The table included on the side menu bar provides Mar 2, 2004 · For instance, the high R-value of polyisocyanurate can be provided in applications where a bottom layer of isocyanurate is applied to the substrate and a composite board of isocyanurate with perlite or wood fiber is used. It is also untrue that perlite "has better R-value. 12 W/m 2 K when applied in combination with Perlite concrete insulation is ideally suited for roofing applications. 08). Its weight can be va r ied in the range of 20 to 50 pounds per cubic foot, depending on the mix design se- lected. temperature. R-VALUES AND U-VALUES, AND. PERLITE BLOCK AND CAVITY FILL. Expanded perlite provides a quick, inexpensive and permanent method for insulating masonry walls. Prone to caking when wet. 1118 J. Jul 1, 2022 · Lightweight Concrete Showdown - Testing continues at Creating Concrete as we test the strength to weight ratio for this 4 parts perlite to 1 part portland ce 1) Add all materials except perlite to mixer; then mix until this slurry is fairly uniform. 3). resistance (R) insulating values per 4-inch thickness for various mix designs, useful in determing the desired thermal performance (R-value & U-value) and structural requirements for a given roof design. 60) sandwiched between the concrete and the bricks. High-density batts for a 2 by 6-inch (51 by 152 mm) frame wall offer R-21, and high-density batts for an 8. Wet perlite can shrink up R-Values of Multi-Wythe Concrete Masonry Walls (ref. 1 (1) and RA103. 732-287-2244 www. Low-density concrete commonly used for insulation purposes has a density ranging from 20 to 50 pcf and a strength of 100 to 1000 psi. R-38 batts for 12-inch (304-mm) spaces are also available. Perlite plays an important role in a wide variety of construction-related uses including: as an aggregate in lightweight insulating concrete and plaster; as a loose fill insulation material Title: Print Created Date: 1/10/2014 8:11:52 AM Insulation values of vermiculite and perlite. usually suffice. Shrinkage. 50 lb/ , or 800 kg/m ) is a mixture of perlite concrete aggregate combined with Portland cement, air-entraining agent and water. Fill the container with wet perlite concrete as it leaves the mixer and weigh again. ) Heat loss through common building elements due to transmission, R-values and U-values - imperial and SI units. Perlite concrete roof deck insulation is an ideal base for built-up and single-ply roofing 1. The original cost of installing perlite loose fill insulation can be recovered quickly due to substantial reductions in heating and Manufacturer, hurricane strength, fire resistant, insulated concrete forms, high R-value insulation, ultra light concrete, icf, modular green construction material Perlite, including perlite building Insulation is a non-fibrous non-asbestos-containing material which has an R-value of about 2. In order to ensure its durability when exposed to chloride environment, concrete was produced with low water-to-cement ratio and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was replaced with 50% and 7% ground granulated blast furnace Lime is used for several reasons in concrete work: 1) It is cheaper than Portland cement. 12 Btu/h*ft 2 *F (0. 74 m2 °C/W). 327 Mixing perlite with concrete is a matter of proper portion; you must mix the correct ratio of perlite, cement and water. SCHUNDLER. Fragility. schundler. CEM I 52. A typical 3-hour rated roof deck design consists of a 2 inch (50. 20), with an inch layer of gravel (R-Value:0. 4. That means that if we were to use 4-inch fiberglass batts, the overall R-value would be R-14. 5 R C3A-free were used as binders. Question: Problem 1 Determine the overall unit thermal resistance (the R-value) and the overall heat transfer coefficient (the U-factor) of a masonry cavity wall that is built around 150-mm-thick concrete blocks made of lightweight aggregate with 3 cores filled with perlite (R = 0. Nov 17, 2023 · Building codes, like the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), use thermal resistance values (R-value) to communicate insulation performance requirements. It provides perman ent, cost effective, slop -to -drain designs with high R -value over flat and often irregular substrates found in re - roofing projects. 22 m) on-center. Depending upon design conditions, reductions in heat transmission of 50 percent or more can be obtained when perlite loose fill is used in the hollow cores of concrete block or cavity type masonry walls. This method is experimental. Filling the core of the CMU blocks only provides a slightly higher energy performance. Perlite concrete insulation is ideally suited for reroofing applications. 3. R-Values are based on apparent thermal conductivity for loose-fill perlite of 0. Changes in the overall thermal behavior were systematically tracked using humidity-controlled thermogravimetry (TG) at various heating rates (β) and atmospheric water vapor pressures (p(H2O The 37BVMB is a masonry block fill vermiculite that has a granular material which provides loose fill masonry insulation. The values (15, 30, 45, 60 and 80) indicate the proportion of EPA by substitution of the volume of sand. * Perlite Concrete aggregate particles are fragile and over-mixing will cause the perlite to pulverize, resulting in a loss of yield. 2003 , 35, 1155– 1159. Concrete block wall with air in cavities = R 2. For example, an empty core standard 8” CMU block (density of 135 pcf) has an R-value of 1. Feb 8, 2016 · The use of perlite under concrete slabs is discussed in my article, Building a Foam-Free House. Vermiculite masonry fill creates a barrier against moisture, heat, and sound. Perlite is a non-combustible, industrial PERLITE CONCRETE ROOF DECKS. Sep 13, 2023 · This article presents the outcomes of a comprehensive study utilizing all-natural perlite in producing lightweight aggregate concrete composites and investigating the mechanical, permeability, and durability properties. Garden & Soil Amendment Horticultural perlite provides superior drainage, retention of water and nutrients, weed control, strong capillary action and more. Two minutes will. Above grade concrete wall including inside and outside air films = R 1. Care must be taken to ensure proper mixing time for perlite concrete. Jun 17, 2021 · The compressive and the flexural strength values for RPC with expanded perlite after 28 days is approximately 40% of the compressive strength value of the same concrete without the addition of the lightweight aggregate. A key to perlite’s outstanding performance is the fact all block cores, voids, and mortar areas are completely filled with free flowing perlite. Rotate the drum at idle speed when discharging last of Together with the structural deck, roof insulation is part of the substrate platform for the roof membrane. 08 R-value per inch. At a ratio of 1 part cement to 4 parts perlite, you achieve a "k" value of 0. Jan 1, 1985 · The R-value of the insulating concrete depends on its unit weight and thickness. Expanded Perlite: Provides good dimensional stability, excellent insulation value with stable R-value and fire resistance. Perlite insulation has been proven Perlite insulating concrete consists of a mixture of expanded perlite, Portland cement, water and an air entraining agent. After Jul 15, 2022 · Watch as we put the next lightweight concrete block in our Lightweight Concrete Showdown to the test. 83 and compressive strength of 350 to 500 pounds per inch. An air-entraining agent is used to improve the workability and to control water content and insulation value. Perlite concrete, while not usually suited for structural or load bearing uses, offers many advantages beyond its light weight. 6 mm) thick roofdeck. 99, while a vermiculite-filled core CMU of the same size is upgraded to an R-value of 3. As insulants, they are suitable for internal but not for external wall insulation. Perlite cement plaster is thermal and sound insulating, fire retardant, and extremely lightweight—weighing approximately 60% less than ordinary sand plaster. 4) It combines well with Portland cement. It is used for insulating roof decks, raised beds, curtain wall systems, LNG tank roof insulation and other permanent insulation applications. 5" fiberglass which has an R-value of 11. U-values of 0. You might also want to consider using preformed foam. Perlite concrete provides better noise reduction and thermal insulating properties than conventional concrete. Research suggests that more than 50 percent of expanded perlite worldwide is used by the construction industry. A medium-density batt offers R-13 for the same thickness. 11. Because of its lightweight, there can be economies in the design of the structure. This lightweight product creates a protective fill when placed into block core cavities. For instance if you have a material with an R-value of 12 attached to another As illustrated in the chart below, foam insulation generally has a higher R-value than fibrous materials. The heat transmission through a building wall or similar construction can be expressed as: The overall heat transfer coefficient - the U-value - describes how well a building element conducts heat or the rate of transfer of heat (in Nov 7, 2009 · I found that the perlite made the vermiculite mix more "workable". The more perlite in the mix, the higher the R value, but the lower the structural integrity of the cured concrete. The resulting granular product is lightweight with countless tiny, sealed air cells, which account for its excellent thermal performance and fire resistance. Perlite concrete can be placed monolithically on flat, un-e v en, curved, or sloping surf a c e s . Energy Build. It provides permanent, cost effective, slope-to-drain designs with high R-values over flat and often-irregular substrates found in reroofing projects. Depending upon design conditions, reductions in heat. Perlite loose fill insulation is an inert volcanic glass expanded by a special heat process that can be treated with water repellent A medium-density batt offers R-13 for the same thickness. 7 per inch of thickness. A 6" block is about 1 for a total R-value. Do not rotate the drum during transit. It is applicable for the construction sector. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. r-value 1, u-factor 2 and deadload table 3 based on 1:6 mix ratio, 24-30 pcf perlite insulating concrete: 2 inches of perlite concrete over polystyrene thickness in inches: depth of corrugations Concrete Block Walls---U-Values & R-Values : Block Only: Certain compositions or processes involving perlite may be the subject of patents. 9. Interior and exterior plaster over lightweight concrete will not affect its insulative value. Cellucrete is Florida's largest applicator of Elastizell concrete, provided by The Elastizell Corporation. 7 is lower than many competing types of insulation. 75. lightweight insulating concrete stand-alone Although calculated R-values for EPS inserts appear more favorable, full scale laboratory wall testing reveals that perlite masonry loose-fill insulation is actually 22% more effective3 than EPS inserts. Perlite is a non-combustible, industrial Continuing the lightweight concrete showdown, another test block is created to be strength tested against other blocks made from different lightweight concre Construction Industry: Big Users of Perlite. Using the correct amount of water as speci˚ed, the perlite concrete should have a slump of approximately 7-9 inches (180 – 220 mm) when properly The R-Values and U-Values include interior and exterior air-film resistances that total R 0. Using a perlite concrete slurry coat the polystyrene insulation board is positively attached to the substrate and That means that the insulation R-value chart you will find below is basically an insulation thickness chart, based on 1 inch of insulation. Jan 1, 2014 · 320 - R-values HI-R CMU's Chart Insulated Grouted 100-140 Perlite. 8 mm) 27 lb/ft 3 (432 kg/m 3) to 0. Combined with resistance to water absorption, Sproule WR-1200® perlite Jul 31, 2023 · Also, expanded Perlite increases the energy dissipation rate of concrete and controls crack propagation. Jul 31, 2023 · Also, expanded Perlite increases the energy dissipation rate of concrete and controls crack propagation. 3) It provides a creamier, more adhesive mortar. From reusable Lightweight Insulating Concrete solutions, to vacuum-insulated panels, to The thermal resistance or “R-value” for SunPerl – Cement mixture is calculated by dividing the thickness of the applied layer by the thermal conductivity (k) of the specific SunPerl – Cement mixture; thus for example a 4. Microsilica and inert aggregates of different grading curves were used as fillers. Insulation is essential in all construction for energy conservation. Recognizing the key role of insulation, Siplast applies design thinking to roof insulation products to help you meet your insulation goals. The high plastic viscosity of the RPC mix, which prevents the segregation of ingredients, has an impact on the even The nominal R -values in Tables RA103. Thermal conductivity vs. 0. Since R-values are cumulative, a higher R value per inch of rigid insulation will allow you to get the best performance with a thinner profile. 19 W/m 2 *K) for a 2 inch (50. Elastizell concrete is typically a mixture of cement, water and preformed foam. Subtract the weight of the empty container and divide the remainder by the volume as determined in Step 1. COVERAGE CHARTS INSULATION VALUES. ; Gül, R. 1 (2) may be used for purposes of calculating concrete masonry wall section U -factors in lieu of the ASHRAE isothermal planes calculation method as provided in Chapter 27 of the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. COVERAGE CHARTS FOR MASONRY UNITS. 2 for 6 inch, R1. Polyurethane Foam-in-Place. This characteristic is precious in areas prone to 1. transmission of 50 percent or more may be obtained when perlite loose fill is used in the hollow cores of concrete block or cavity type masonry walls. A 12:1 mix has more insulation value than a 6:1 mix and is more than strong enough for the layer over the dome. Perlite is suitable in high temperature applications. The wall also comes with an exterior 2-inch brick cladding (R-Value: 0. Dusty. Reinforcing Cellulosic Fibers: Consists of recycled Sep 21, 2020 · This study focuses on the development of durable structural lightweight concrete (LWC) by incorporating expanded perlite aggregate (EPA) in the range of 0 to 20% by weight. Note: ˛e average thickness of the sloped-to-drain perlite lightweight concrete roof deck is considered to PERLITE CONCRETE ROOF DECKS. The result is the wet density of the perlite concrete in pounds per cubic foot which should be within ± 3 lb/ft³ (48 kg/m³) of the specified value. Figure1 shows 6 cubic and 6 parallelepiped specimens having different EPA proportions. 93 Btu/ft 2 -gr-°F for normal-weight concrete. 21 Btu/h*ft 2 *F (1. Respirator, glasses, and gloves are recommended when handling. With an R-value of 2. Oven dry weight is a measure of the insulation value of the perlite concrete and may be determined in accordance with ASTM Designation C 495. I realize that it has a lower R-value per inch than others (perlite loose Perlite insulating concrete is light in weight, ranging from about 20-40 lb/ft3 (320-640 kg/m3) depending on the desired density and insulating value. CemteQ ScreedLite comprises special blends of high-quality cement and lightweight, insulating perlite aggregate in the correct mix proportions to ensure an exceptional screed every time. In simple terms, R-values measure the effectiveness of insulation and a higher number represents more effective insulation. Perlite concrete may be more accurately defined as concrete containing a minimum of 20 cubic feet of perlite concrete aggregate per cubic yard (0. The dry concre t e weighs from 20 to 50 pounds per cu-bic foot, depending on the mix se-lected. 323 - Half HI-R R-Value-Heat Cap-Equiv Thk-DLN Stamped. Using a perlite concrete slurry coat, the polystyrene insulation board is positively attached to the substrate and covered with a uniform layer of perlite concrete insulation. (I used the 6:1 ratio for the insulation layer between the suspended slab and the hearth bricks. LIGHTWEIGHT AND INSULATING. Home > Main Index > Markets > Construction Applications > Perlite Concrete > Roof Decks > R-Value, U-Factor, and Deadload Table Mar 27, 2017 · Perlite insulation? Mineral wool is a popular insulation recommendation, but it seems expensive and has limited supplier options. Jun 1, 2016 · Both perlite and pumice have significantly lower thermal conductivities than cement yielding a composite material with enhanced R-value. 32 Btu/ft 2 -gr-°F, thermal conductivity of 2. Transportation or improper handling can turn it into dust. A measure of the resistance of building materials and structures to the flow of heat; the higher the R-value the more effective the substance is as thermal insulation. 2. These coarser particles are produced by heating crushed perlite between 1600 and 1800 F, causing the particles to expand 4 to 20 times due to the vaporizing of water in the rock. R-2. 144 0. 8 mm) minimum thickness of perlite lightweight insulating concrete applied over 28 gauge galvanized corrugated steel. Jan 15, 2024 · Perlite. Using the table below, we can see what the R-Values for other Perlite insulating concrete is a m i x t u r e of expanded perlite, port-land cement, water and an air- e n - t r aining agent. Example: Fiberglass batt has a typical R-value of R-3. On flat ro o f s , the P. This model and the verification are presented in following sections. PERLITE CONCRETE ROOF DECKS. 85. The measured wall thermal transmittance (U value), in comparison with the calculated data based on the concrete block and perlite insulation components, established the validity of generating thermal transmittance design values based on series-parallel calculations. 2) Add all perlite; then mix again only long enough for a uniform mix, probably another two to three minutes. Vermiculite and perlite have a lambda value of about 0,068. Standards, Specifications and References: Perlite is represented in the standards by ASTM product specification C549. Insulation: Thermal performance tests have shown significant energy savings when perlite is used to fill the cavities in concrete masonry structures. Upon arriving at the job site, mix at top speed for not less than 3 nor more than 5 minutes. 5-inch (216-mm) spaces yield about an R-30 value. Discharge in normal manner after checking wet density for conformance to specification range. 3 MPa, respectively, shows the higher energy dissipation capacity of 0. 325 - Shear Dominated Shear Wall Report Jan 22, 2016. 5 : 1 ratio: Jan 15, 2023 · R-value. 5 R and CEM I 42. Jul 1, 1999 · Moderate-strength concrete has a density between 50 and 90 pcf and a compressive strength in the 1000- to 2500-psi range. Ryolex is our brand of expanded perlites we refer to as macroparticles. Grout. Perlite lightweight concrete roof deck is one of the world’s most advanced thermally insulating cementitious mixtures available offering 20x more protection from heat gain or loss than ordinary concrete. PROPERTIES & BENEFITS. We are testing the strength to weight ratio of a 2:1 p Perlite loose fill masonry insulation is an inert volcanic rock expanded by a special heat process and is often treated with water repellent material. Replacing 20% to 50% of the concrete Other Perlite Concrete Applications Chimney Lining Sound/Firewalls Pool Bases Tank Insulation Perlite cultured stone and gas ˚replace logs DENSITY (kilograms per cubic meter) 320 480 640 800 960 1120 0. where the temperature difference is in degrees Fahrenheit between the two sides of the insulation, the area is in square feet, the time in hours, and the heat loss in Btus. Poured concrete is . 072 0. The outside is finished with 100-mm face brick . It outperforms others, however, such as vermiculite, loose-fill wood products, and straw. 288 0. ROOF INSULATION. Excess water and under mixing may reduce yield and workability. 432 0. This is in comparison to sand and gra v el con- c r ete which weighs 140 to 150 pounds per cubic foot and Perlite concrete mixed at a ratio of 1 part cement to 6 parts perlite has an insulation value, or "k" value, of 0. 4 for 8 inch. 43) of 1 inch before coming to a 3-inch concrete wall (R-Value: 0. Typical U values range from 0. 2) It is lighter than Portland cement. The dry concrete weighs from 20 to 50 pounds per cubic foot, depending on the mix design selected. 360 0. xj cy re sp cs qq gj ba jk ky